Productivity at your daily life

Having a credit means that your personal identity or your personal information has been added to the related credit company and when you have a credit then the company will note your credit history. For example if you have a bad credit history it will make some difficulties when you want to take credit again because the related company knows that you have a poor credit history and sometimes they do not believe that you will survive with the credit and can fulfill the conditions from the company. Read the rest of this entry »

For many companies, it is inappropriate to assume that dividends will grow at a constant rate. Firms typically go through life cycles. During the early part of their lives, their growth is much faster than that of the economy as a whole; then they match the economy’s growth; and finally their growth is slower than that of the economy.11 Automobile manufacturers in the 1920s, computer software firms such as Microsoft in
the 1990s, and Internet firms such as AOL in the 2000s are examples of firms in the early part of the cycle; Read the rest of this entry »

Stock prices are likewise determined as the present value of a stream of cash flows, and the basic stock valuation equation is similar to the bond valuation equation. What are the cash flows that corporations provide to their stockholders? First, think of yourself as an investor who buys a stock with the intention of holding it (in your family) forever. What about the more typical case, where you expect to hold the stock for a finite period and then sell it—what will be the value of ˆP0 in this case? Unless the company is likely to be liquidated or sold and thus to disappear, the value of the stock is again determined by Equation 5-1. To see Read the rest of this entry »

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Common stocks provide an expected future cash flow stream, and a stock’s value is found in the same manner as the values of other financial assets—namely, as the present value of the expected future cash flow stream. The expected cash flows consist of two elements: (1) the dividends expected in each year and (2) the price investors expect to receive when they sell the stock. The expected final stock price includes the return of the original investment plus an expected capital gain. Read the rest of this entry »

Common stock represents an ownership interest in a corporation, but to the typical investor a share of common stock is simply a piece of paper characterized by two features:
1. It entitles its owner to dividends, but only if the company has earnings out of which dividends can be paid, and only if management chooses to pay dividends rather than retaining and reinvesting all the earnings. Whereas a bond contains a promise to pay interest, common stock provides no such promise—if you own a stock, you may expect a dividend, but your expectations may not in fact be met. To illustrate, Read the rest of this entry »

Table 5-1 lists the best performing and the worst performing IPOs of 2001, and it shows how they performed from their offering dates through year-end 2001. As the table shows, not all IPOs are as well received as were Netscape and Boston Chicken. Moreover, even if you are able to identify a “hot” issue, it is often difficult to purchase shares in the initial offering. These deals are generally oversubscribed, which means that the demand for shares at the offering price exceeds the number of shares issued. In such instances, investment bankers favor large institutional investors (who are their best customers), and small Read the rest of this entry »

We can classify stock market transactions into three distinct types:

1. Trading in the outstanding shares of established, publicly owned companies: the secondary market. MicroDrive Inc., a company we analyze throughout the book, has 50 million shares of stock outstanding. If the owner of 100 shares sells his or her stock, the trade is said to have occurred in the secondary market. Read the rest of this entry »

Some companies are so small that their common stocks are not actively traded; they are owned by only a few people, usually the companies’ managers. Such firms are said to be privately owned, or closely held, corporations, and their stock is called closely held stock. In contrast, the stocks of most larger companies are owned by a large number of investors, most of whom are not active in management. Such companies are
called publicly owned corporations, and their stock is called publicly held stock. Read the rest of this entry »